猪图腾石雕出现

全国重点文物保护单位城子山遗址，位于赤峰市敖汉旗萨力巴多与玛尼罕乡交界处，为青铜时代遗址，距今4000年至3500年。它是目前国内发现的规模最大、祭坛数量最多的祭祀遗址。

    该遗址为夏家店下层文化中心祭祀遗址，是辽西地区出现早期国家的实证，也是中国目前最大的猪的图腾形象发现地。近日，记者对此进行了采访。

    城子山遗址

    城子山遗址是2000年9月中旬至10月底，中国社会科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队与敖汉旗博物馆合作，在对该旗西北部新石器时代至青铜时代早期的聚落遗址，进行调查时发现的，确认这是两处保存状况较好，且具有特定联系的夏家店下层文化中心祭祀遗址。而夏家店下层文化祭祀中心的再现，说明4000多年前此处已是繁华之地，代表了北方的文明。

    当年，考察城子山遗址的领队中国社会科学院考古研究所公共考古中心常务副主任刘国祥研究员和敖汉旗博物馆原馆长、赤峰文博专家邵国田这样描述城子山遗址：城子山遗址为椭圆长方形，平面呈不规则的"亚"字形。城北、东、西三面略呈圆形，南侧略呈长方形，城顶地势较平，西北略高，东南略低。城子山遗址主体分布范围约6.6平方公里，其中主梁呈西北-东南向分布，总长2.2公里。

    共发现有10个祭祀遗址点，均分布在山梁的顶端，主梁海拔高度为855.6米。其中一号地点位于主梁的最北端，是现已发现的十个地点中规模最大、祭坛分布数量最多、保存最好的一处。平面呈不规则多边形，总面积约15万平方米。外侧有石块垒砌的围墙，周长为1418米，东南侧和东侧保存较好，局部现存高度0.5米，宽度为1-2米，石墙的外侧多分布有弧形护坡。

    祭坛石窝

    对于当年考察的重大发现，刘国祥和邵国田认为，祭坛和积石冢遗迹主体建筑在主峰顶部。

    城子山遗址一号地点共有祭坛232个，其中主墙内侧六个区内共分布有228个，主墙外侧分布有4个，直径2-13米。西北侧墙外有一个祭坛，其北部约5米为陡峭的悬崖，大型自然石块上局部有人工磨光痕。

    另外三个祭坛分布在东区东南侧墙外，其中一个祭坛的东北侧紧临有磨光痕的大型自然石块，共有三块，呈东北--西南向排列，中间一块面积最大，长3.5米、宽2米。石块表面全部磨光，中部略偏北有一个方圆形的小坑，边长0.2米。

    祭坛的形制可分为以下四类：一类是整个祭坛均用石块砌筑而成，有的祭坛表面的石块已凌乱，有的则明显看出砌筑呈同心圆形。二类是外缘垒砌出石圆圈或弧形石圈，里面平整或为隆起的土丘。此类祭坛数量最多。三类是整个祭坛为隆起的土丘，外围砌筑有方形的石墙。四类是整个祭坛由较大的自然石块围砌而成，中心立置一块长方形或三角形石块，石块的一面正中或偏下有一个圆窝。

    此次同时发现多处被打磨得十分光滑的巨石，巨石为自然形成，与悬崖等融为一体，上面有深浅不一的石窝，其中之谜等待着人们的破译。

    猪图腾出现

    刘国祥说，在城子山遗址南区南侧外围主墙中部发现一巨型石雕猪首形象，也是当时调查的重要收获之一。

    猪首顶部留有小块磨光痕，两侧有数道弧形人工雕琢痕，吻部噘起，大嘴张开，双目圆睁，朝向正南方的鸭鸡山。猪首长9.3米、吻部宽2.1米、额头宽7.5米、额头顶部距地面高5米，与主区示坛和远方的鸭鸡山处在一条直线上。这是中国目前发现的最大的猪的图腾形象。

    刘国祥介绍，猪首系用原有的一块巨型晶屑熔岩石体雕琢而成，技法简洁流畅，棱线分明，吻部及双目特征突出，神态逼真。据专家介绍，辽西地区崇拜祭祀猪有悠久的历史，兴隆洼二期聚落"首领"式人物的旁边埋有一雌一雄两头整猪；赵宝沟文化中将野猪的形象刻划在祭祀用的陶器尊形器上；红山文化中雕出玉猪龙的形象，具有更深远的意义。在夏家店下层文化大甸子墓地中，用整猪随葬更是随处可见。

    石器数量较多

    城子山遗址采集的遗物中主要是石器和陶器，其中石器的数量相对较多。

    从采集遗物分析看，陶器多夹砂，泥质陶少见。器表多呈灰褐色或灰色，也有的呈红褐色或黑色。表面大多施纹，纹样种类有绳纹、篮纹、弦纹、附加堆纹等。主要器类有鼎、鬲、?[、盆、罐、瓮等。石器依加工方法不同可分为打制、磨制、琢制、压削四类。打制石器占绝大多数，典型器类有两侧内凹的亚腰石铲、梯形石斧、圆形石球等。圆窝形石器数量较多，器体大小不一，外形多不规整，体侧留有明显的打制痕，底面平整或略凸，正面多平整，有的经过琢制，居中部位有一个圆窝。磨制石器有方形石铲、梯形石锛、长方形石刀等。琢制石器有磨棒、饼形器等。压削石器仅见长方形或三角形的小石叶。

    值得欣慰的是，在目前已调查过的夏家店下层文化祭祀遗址中，城子山遗址是规模最大的一处，相当于牛河梁红山文化中心性祭祀遗址主体分布范围的5倍，可断定为夏家店下层文化中心性祭祀遗址。夏家店下层文化的年代约为距今4000年至3500年左右，与中原夏王朝的年代大体相当。城子山遗址的发现，为深入探讨夏家店下层文化所处社会发展阶段，及辽西地区早期国家的出现，提供了考古实证资料。National key cultural relics protection units at Hill site, located in Chifeng City, Ao Hanqi SA meribbaal more with the township at the junction, is a Bronze Age site, since from4000 to3500. It is currently the largest altar found, the largest number of religious sites.The site for the Lower Xiajiadian Culture Center of worship sites, in western Liaoning is early state of empirical, is also China's largest pig totem image found. Recently, the reporter undertook interviewing to this.The Hill siteThe mountain is the site of the2000mid September to the end of10, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Inner Mongolia teams up with the Ao Hanqi Museum in cooperation, to the northwest of its Neolithic to early Bronze Age settlement site, surveys found, confirmed that this is the two place to keep in good condition, and has specific links Lower Xiajiadian Culture Center of worship sites. While the Lower Xiajiadian Culture of reproduction worship center,4000years before this office is the bustling, represents the northern civilization.In those days, examines the Hill site team leader of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in public archaeology, the center is standing vice director Liu Guoxiang fellow and former curator of Aohan banner Museum, Chifeng cultural expert Shao Guotian described the Hill site: the Hill site for elliptical rectangular, planar irregular"inferior" font. North, East, West three on the south side of the slightly rounded, slightly rectangular, top city terrain is relatively flat, slightly southeast northwest high, slightly lower. The Hill site body distributed in the range of about6.6square kilometers, which is northwest- southeast to the distribution of main beam, a total length of2.2 km.A total of10 were found to have religious sites, are distributed in the top of the mountain, elevation855.6 meters in height of girder. Which one place is located in the northern end of the main beam, which is the ten place in the largest, the largest number of altar distribution, one of the best preserved. Planar irregular polygon, a total area of about150000 square meters. The stone built walls, circumference is1418 meters, the southeast side and on the eastern side of well preserved, local existing height of0.5 meters, width is1-2 meters, the lateral walls are distributed in an arc slope protection.The altar stone nestWhen the investigation discovery, Liu Guo and Shao Guotian, the altar and the accumulating Cairn remains the main building in the peak top.The Hill site on the site comprises232main altar, the medial wall of six zone a total distribution of228, the main wall of the lateral distribution of4meters, diameter2-13. The northwest side wall has an outer altar, the north about5 meters to the steep cliff, large-scale natural stone local artificial polishing mark.The other three altar distribution in the south-east of the eastern side wall, wherein an altar to the northeast side close to have polished mark large natural stones, a total of three pieces, with the Northeast-- southwest to the arrangement, the intermediate piece the area is the largest,3.5 meters long,2 meters wide. Stone surface polishing, slightly north of the middle there is a square and circular hole, the length0.2 meters.The altar shapes can be divided into the following four categories: one category is the altar with masonry stones into the altar, some surfaces of the stones have been messy, some obvious concentric circular masonry. The two class is built out of stone circle or arc of the outer edge of the stone circle, which is flat or a bulge in the mound. The largest number of the altar. The three category is the altar for the uplift of the mound, peripheral masonry with a square stone. The four category is the altar by the larger natural stone masonry and Wai, center is provided with a rectangular or triangular stones, stones of a median or partial has a circular nest.At the same time the discovery of multiple polished smooth Boulder, boulder is a natural formation, and the cliffs above com., with a socket, wherein the mystery waiting for people to decipher.Pig totem appearLiu Guoxiang said, in the Southern District on the south side of the main wall Hill site periphery central found a huge stone pig head image, is also the time to investigate the important harvest one.The pig is left at the top of small polishing mark, both sides has a plurality of arcuate artificial mark, the snout pursed, mouth open, eyes wide open, to just south of the yajishan. Pig heads of9.3meters,2.1 meters wide forehead snout,7.5 meters wide,5 meters high from the ground at the top of the forehead, and the main area and the altar and the distant Yajishan in a straight line. It is found in China is the largest pig totem.Liu Guoxiang describes, the pig is original a giant crystal lava stone body crafted, technique is simple and smooth, clear edges, the snout and binocular features prominent, lifelike expression. According to experts, western Liaoning worship ritual pig has a long history, Xinglong wa two phase settlement"chief" people are buried beside one female and one male and two whole pig; Zhao Bao ditch culture boar image characterizations in the ceremonial pottery Zun shaped device; in Hongshan Culture carved jade pig dragon image, has far-reaching significance. In the Lower Xiajiadian Culture Dadianzi cemetery, with the whole pig burial is everywhere.There are a large number of stoneThe Hill site acquisition remains mainly stone and pottery stone, wherein a relatively large number of.From the collection of relics of pottery, multiple sand, clay pottery rare. Watch for more grayish brown or gray, sometimes reddish brown or black. Surface mostly applied pattern, pattern type of Jomon, basket lines, chord lines, additional heap pattern etc.. Main class Ding, Ge, Yan, pots, cans, jars and other. The stone according to different processing methods can be divided into system, grinding, cut system, pressure cutting four categories. Stone occupies the overwhelming majority, the typical class has two sides of concave inferior lumbar stone chipping, trapezoidal axe, round stone balls. Round nest shaped stone number, a device body size, shape and more irregular, body side leaving obvious chipped scar, the bottom is flat or slightly convex, positive more smooth, some after cut system, the middle part has a circular nest. Polished stone square stone chipping, trapezoidal, rectangular stone knives, stone adze. Zhuo system of stone grinding rods, cheese etc.. Pressure cutting stone only rectangular or triangular small stone leaves.Thankfully, the current has been investigated the Lower Xiajiadian Culture religious sites, the mountain is the site of one of the largest, is equivalent to the Niu Heliang culture center of sacrificial site main distribution range of5 times, it can be concluded as the Lower Xiajiadian Culture Center of religious sites. Lower Xiajiadian Culture was about4000 years ago to around3500, and the Central Plains Xia Dynasty era roughly equivalent. The Hill site of the discovery, as deeply into the Lower Xiajiadian Culture stages of social development in the west of Liaoning Province, and early national occurrence, provides archaeological data.

   

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